Apostle Paul and the Scriptures. An overview of current research and the price of progress. Among Dezső Kállay's biblical studies, the letters of the apostle Paul appear with special emphasis. Paul’s interpretation of the Scriptures was deeply rooted in the active Scriptural tradition of his era, not isolated in hermeneutical vacuum. The Scriptures represented not just the written text but also its interpretation, thus the Israelites’ faith was likened to both a solid foundation and spiritual sustenance, as they “drank from the spiritual rock” (1 Cor 10:4).

Works of Protestant reformers in the collections of the Lutheran High School in Mediaș. Since 2018, our research has been conducted in the historical libraries of Transylvania, focusing on the works of fifteen Western European Protestant theologians, known as reformers, who were active in the 16th century. At the Lutheran Gymnasium library in Mediaș, we discovered 58 theological texts by these authors. This number is representative of the average size of the collections we have examined.

Joseph, the father of Jesus, and Joseph, the son of Jacob. Observations on the Joseph figure in the Gospel of Matthew. The Gospel of Matthew (Mt) connects his texts with the Old Testament in various ways. Beyond the so-called reflexive quotations, Mt alludes to several Old Testament books and episodes with keywords, motifs, and compositional arrangement. This article investigates whether Mt uses a Joseph typology from Genesis in shaping his portrayal of Joseph, the father of Jesus.

In recent years an increasing scepticism has arisen concerning the Deuteronomistic character of the Book of the Four (Hos, Amos, Mic, Zeph). Many themes and motifs have been regarded as “inspired” by or “oriented” towards the Deut and DtrH, but not exclusively Dtr. redaction. Hosea 1*, the beginning of the composition, however, has been neglected in this respect. Unlike 2 Kgs 9–10, which reflects a positive view of Jehu’s fulfilment of Yhwh’s command at Jezreel, Hos 1 condemns him for the bloodguilt at the same place.

Do Christians need to be socialists? Karl Barth and socialism. In this article, the author deals with a “shadow side” of the life and work of Karl Barth. From the perspective of many Eastern and Central European people who have experienced “real” socialism, the right to ask the question posed in the title is evident. It examines under what influences Karl Barth’s inclination towards social democracy and socialism arose. Three circumstances are mentioned: 1. The traditional Swiss solidarity and social sensitivity for the cause of the weak and oppressed.

Bibliolog as scriptural interpretation. Modern “midrash” as a possible method in catechesis. This research delves into the bibliolog approach to interpreting the Holy Scriptures, a technique often termed as “modern midrash” and not widely recognised in Hungarian-speaking regions. Originating from America, bibliolog diverges from the European tradition of bibliodrama or Biblical drama, focusing instead on a narrative-driven method.

A posztmodern önmeghatározásának negatív előjele van. A modernséggel szemben a modern eszmék tagadásaként a modern „zsákutcáira” való reakcióként határozza meg önmagát. A posztmodern ember tagadja a modern világ eszméinek érvényességét szkeptikusan tekint az egyetemes és abszolút igazságokra. Ezen szellemiség kétségtelenül jelen van egyházunk életében. Az értékek viszonylagossága a vallási pluralizmus nem kerülte el a mai egyháztagokat. A tanulmány során arra a kérdésre keresem a választ hogy a 20.

The hermeneutics of István Tőkés. Following the First World War, the theological stance of the Transylvanian Reformed Church underwent a significant shift. Faculty members at the Reformed Theological Faculty of Cluj-Napoca embraced a “confessional, biblical, constructive” approach, realigning with core Reformed principles, and subsequently, in 1925, they began to follow Karl Barth’s New Reformed theology. István Tőkés, a New Testament professor at the Protestant Theological Institute in Cluj from 1973 to 1983, was mentored by these teachers.

“The one who believes in him will not be put to shame”. Reinterpreting Isaiah 28:16 in Romans 9:33 and 1Peter 2:6. This study delves into the meaning of Isaiah 28:16, examining its original context and subsequent interpretation in the New Testament, with a particular emphasis on the stone metaphor. The first part scrutinises text-critical and semantic issues, considering the Masoretic Texts alongside variant non-Masoretic readings. The latter section assesses the incorporation of the Isaianic text within two New Testament excerpts.

A tanulmány az Erdélyi Református Liturgia és a Heidelbergi Káté összetartozásáról, belső kapcsolatáról szól. Hogyan lehet a liturgiában megélni a tanítványságot, a rítus hogyan épül a rendszeres teológiára a liturgiában.

“Let the Dead Bury Their Dead”. Jewish Funerary Customs and Matthew 8:21–22. Funerary customs are inseparable from the fifth commandment. They impose strict obligations on relatives, lasting until the end of a one-year period. The practice of ossilegium, that is, the collection of the bones of the deceased, marks the conclusion of this process. When decomposition completes its cycle, the deceased is “survived”. The buried individual finds comfort in the expiatory disintegration he/she undergoes.

The text above is the Regulations of the Reformed College Teachers drawn up in 1786 by the board of the College of Kolozsvár (Cluj). The 1780s heralded the era of educational reform, marked by the Habsburg Empire’s ruler mandating a centralisation of the educational system. In response, the Reformed Church of Transylvania embarked on an extensive overhaul of its collegiate structure and public education. These regulations were distinctive, echoing the spiritual heritage bequeathed by nobility and monarchs.

A Hegyi Beszédben az emberek egymáshoz fűződő viszonyát ugyanaz a komolyság, mélység és radikalitás határozza meg, mint az ember és Isten kapcsolatát. Az antitézisek számolnak azzal, hogy a tanítványok Isten országának polgáraiként nem mentesülnek a gonoszsággal való konfrontációtól. Az erőszakkal való találkozásokban is meg kell mutatkoznia annak, hogy a tanítvány az Atya akaratának van alárendelve, és a megtorlás jogáról úgy mond le, hogy rábízza azt az Atyára.

John Chrysostom uses military metaphors from Romans to help believers un-derstand their relationship with God and engage in spiritual warfare. He compares circumcision and baptism to expand their meaning. By likening body parts to weapons, he teaches that individuals choose whether to serve truth or sin. In this analogy, God is the commander, and believers are soldiers fighting sin, stressing obedience and trust. Chrysostom urges obedience to God akin to soldiers obeying their leader, connecting it with faith-based trust.

A gazdag ifjú története műfaját tekintve egy sikertelen hivatás történetének tekinthető. A történet középpontjában tehát a gazdagságról való azonnali, teljes és végleges lemondás áll, amely nemcsak ebben a konkrét esetben, hanem általánosságban is a Jézus követésének és ezáltal az örök életben való részvételnek a feltételévé válik. Ez a megközelítés feloldhatatlan feszültséghez vezet a magyarázatban. Az értelmezéstörténet áttekintése azt mutatja, hogy Jézus kijelentése minden kor embere számára elviselhetetlen. Ezért helyesebb a szöveget tanító beszédnek (Lehrgespräch) tekinteni.

The objective of this study is not to provide an exhaustive theological analysis, but to explore the multifaceted implications—biblical, historical, theological, ecumenical, and ecclesiastical—that are essential for forming a well-rounded perspective on the contentious issue of rebaptism that has sparked considerable debate within our Church community.

Ebben a kiegészítő tanulmányban megpróbáljuk levonni a következtetéseket egy hasonló témában készült korábbi tanulmányunkból (Facie ad faciem – nincs tehát alibi a létben. Reflexiók Tavaszy Sándor és Lukács György Kierkegaard akéda-értelmezésének margójára).

Liturgical renewal attempts in the Unitarian church from the early 20th century to the present. This research examines the liturgical reform efforts within the Unitarian Church from the early 20th century to today. Analysis of relevant literature reveals a consistent call for renewal among ministers and parishioners, though translating this desire into action is fraught with challenges. The study concludes by highlighting essential components of successful liturgical renewal to guide and motivate those contemplating such changes.

Family and kinship. Who cares for the family’s concerns today? Practice obedience and love (in the family), for this is pleasing in the Lord (Colossians 3:18–4:1). In an era of secularisation, individuals have drifted from the familial narratives found in the Bible, prioritising personal over communal interests. This shift prompts theologians to consider how they might use Scripture to address contemporary ethical transformations.

The Camel and the Eye of the Needle. This paper examines Jesus’ challenging statement in the Gospels about the rich entering the Kingdom of God, likened to a camel through a needle’s eye. We explore variations in this saying across the Gospels and consider interpretations aided by literary parallels from Greek, Hebrew, and Aramaic sources. These examples highlight the “eye of a needle” as a metaphor for impossibility, contrasted with a large object like a camel or elephant. While the presented examples are post-biblical, the motif’s roots may be older.

In diesem Beitrag wird der Frage nachgegangen, welche Faktoren dazu geführt haben könnten, dass bestimmte Prophetenschriften als Traditionsliteratur weitergegeben wurden. Diese Frage wird am Beispiel des Hoseabuchs beantwortet.

Moral evaluation of the goals and action of today’s climate protection groups. This study traces the evolution of contemporary climate protection movements, delineating their objectives and methodologies. Through a moral lens, I scrutinise the alignment between their ends and the means employed. The concluding remarks acknowledge the commendable aspirations of these collectives towards global climate preservation. However, it is highlighted that the tactics they resort to often veer towards counterproductive outcomes.

The anthropological challenges and perspectives. of the missionary image of man, in particular on the pastoral vocation. In this study, we scrutinize whether the revolutionary changes in mission theology suggested by David Bosch three decades ago have indeed taken root in the distinct context of Transylvania, through a blend of theological and philosophical discourse. Simultaneously, we endeavor to make sense of the rapid transformation occurring globally and within our own borders, interpreting it through contemporary anthropological theory and aligning it with missiological insights.

Through an exploration of the editions of the hymnal published in 1924 by Márton Pálffi, this study provides insight into the reverence for tradition surrounding the hymnal, as well as the arduous but unsuccessful efforts made by those aiming to rejuvenate it. Politics often encroached upon the life of the Church, evident in the evolution of the hymnal. The changes of political power and country borders, as well as the imposition of communist censorship, have also significantly influenced the Unitarian hymnal. Despite all efforts, errors persisted in editions published post-1989.

Jelen tanulmányban a szükségszerűség és esetlegesség fogalmait elemzem. Duns Scotus filozófiai teológiájának kontextusában keresem a kapcsolópontokat a harmadik évezred multikulturalitásával. A kapcsolatiság teológiai megalapozásnak a lehetőségét keresem az isteni akarat és szabadság abszolút végtelenségében egyrészt másrészt az emberi szabadság és akarat kontingenciájának a feszültségében. Ebben a feszültségben Isten kommunikál személyessége és önkinyilatkoztatása révén. Jézus központi szerepe az ember számára nem kontingens az egyház önmagában kontingens.

Preaching as an instrument for teaching Christian doctrines. In the last three decades, Transylvanian society and church members have experienced a shift toward secularisation, particularly within the Reformed Church. This trend has made it difficult to engage with younger congregants drifting from organized religion. Despite this, there’s a vital need to re-emphasise Christian teachings, especially considering the current state of the Hungarian Reformed Church in Transylvania, where many lack a deep understanding of biblical and Reformed doctrines.